Panium (200 B.C.), and then the Seleucids of Syria. For most of that time the people of Jerusalem were heavily taxed, though a decree of the Seleucid king Antiochus III (around 198 B.C.) reduced the city’s tax burden for a while (Josephus, Antiquities 12.3.3–4 ##138–146). Since Greek language and culture were dominant in civic life, some Jews wishing for social advancement were tempted to abandon their ancestral faith and instead seek favor from the pagan authorities. The grandson’s
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