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The book of Sirach praises the study of the law, the wisdom of the men of old and their prophecies. Its author is well read and rearticulates traditional Jewish wisdom for his generation, centering it on fear of the Lord, and clearly asserting that wisdom is a gift from God. He encourages his audience to remain steadfast in following the law of Moses rather than following the ways of the dominant...

Panium (200 B.C.), and then the Seleucids of Syria. For most of that time the people of Jerusalem were heavily taxed, though a decree of the Seleucid king Antiochus III (around 198 B.C.) reduced the city’s tax burden for a while (Josephus, Antiquities 12.3.3–4 ##138–146). Since Greek language and culture were dominant in civic life, some Jews wishing for social advancement were tempted to abandon their ancestral faith and instead seek favor from the pagan authorities. The grandson’s
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